Program execution

General concepts

• Code

• Translation

• Compiler

• Optimizing compiler

• Intermediate representation (IR)

• Execution

• Runtime system

• Executable

• Interpreter

• Virtual machine

Types of code

• Source code

• Object code

• Bytecode

• Machine code

• Microcode

Compilation strategies

• Just-in-time (JIT)

• Tracing just-in-time

• Ahead-of-time (AOT)

• Transcompilation

• Recompilation

Notable runtimes

• Android Runtime (ART)

• Common Language Runtime (CLR)

• crt0

• Java virtual machine (JVM)

• Node.js

• Zend Engine

Notable compilers & toolchains

• GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

• LLVM